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This article is about the introduction of agriculture during theStone Age.

For later historical breakthroughs in agriculture, seeagricultural revolution (disambiguation).

ASumerianharvester'ssickledated to 3, 000 BCTheNeolithic RevolutionorNeolithic Demographic Transition, sometimes called theAgricultural Revolution, was the wide - scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle ofhunting and gatheringto one ofagricultureand settlement, allowing the ability to support an increasingly large population.

[1]These settled communities permitted humans to observe and experiment with plants to learn how they grow and develop.

[2]This new knowledge and ways led to the domestication of plants.

[2]Archaeological data indicates that thedomesticationof various types of plants and animals evolved in separate locations worldwide, starting in thegeologicalepochof theHolocene[3]around 12, 500 years ago.

[4]It was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture.

The Neolithic Revolution greatly narrowed the diversity of foods available, with a switch to agriculture which led to a downturn in human nutrition.

[5]The Neolithic Revolution involved far more than the adoption of a limited set of food - producing techniques.

During the next millennia it would transform the small and mobile groups of hunter - gatherers that had hitherto dominatedhuman pre - historyintosedentary(non - nomadic)societiesbased in built - upvillagesandtowns.

These societies radically modified theirnatural environmentby means of specialized food - crop cultivation (e.

G. , irrigationanddeforestation) which allowed extensive surplus food production.

These developments provided the basis fordensely populatedsettlements, specialization anddivision of labour, trading economies, the development of non - portableartandarchitecture, centralized administrations and political structures, hierarchicalideologies, depersonalized systems of knowledge (e.

G. , writing), andpropertyownership[citation needed].

Personal land and private property ownership led to hierarchical society, class struggle and armies[citation needed].

The first fully developed manifestation of the entireNeolithiccomplex is seen in theMiddle EasternSumeriancities (c.

5, 500BP), whose emergence also heralded the beginning of theBronze Age.

The relationship of the above - mentioned Neolithic characteristics to the onset of agriculture, their sequence of emergence, and empirical relation to each other at various Neolithic sites remains the subject of academic debate, and varies from place to place, rather than being the outcome of universal laws ofsocial evolution.

[6][7]TheLevantfollowed byMesopotamiaare the sites of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10, 000 BC.

It has been identified as having "inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of thewheel, the planting of the first cerealcropsand the development ofcursivescript, mathematics, astronomyandagriculture.

"[8][9].