. In the mid - 1800s, leaders of free African American communities in the North were often influenced byutopian communities and their focus on cooperation?
. In the mid - 1800s, leaders of free African American communities in the North were often influenced by utopian communities and their focus on cooperation. Romantic writers and their questioning of Puritanism. The Second Great Awakening and its spirit of reform. The temperance movement and its emphasis on self - discipline.